Accounting 2 Essays - Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Accounting 2 PRINCIPLES of ACCOUNTING II (AC202) ___________ CHAPTER 12 CURRENT AND LONG-TERM LIABILITIES LIABILITIES DEFINED: A probable future payment of assets or services a company is presently obligated to make as a result of past transactions or events. Fundamentally liabilities are measured by the cost principle however: Liabilities are comprised of known obligations of a definite amount and known obligations of an estimated amount (i.e. warranties) CURRENT LIABILITIES: Obligations expected to be paid using current assets or by creating other current liabilities LONG-TERM LIABILITIES: Obligations not expected to be paid within one year. Includes long-term notes payable; mortgages payable; warranty liabilities; lease liabilities; and bonds payable. MEASUREMENT OF LIABILITIES Conceptually, the dollar amount of a liability, at any point in time, is the present value of the future outlays of assets required to pay the debt in full. i.e. the present value of principal plus all future interest payments The present value amount may be called the current cash equivalent amount -What both parties would settle for today! A liability that requires the going rate of interest will always have a present value equal to its maturity amount (i.e. interest bearing notes) When the required rate of interest is different from the going rate, or interest is unspecified, the present value will be different from the maturity amount. (i.e. bonds sold at a premium or discount) As such liabilities approach maturity, the current cash equivalent amount approaches the maturity amount CURRENT LIABILITIES Accounts Payable Short-term Notes Payable Unearned (deferred) Revenues Payroll Liabilities -Employee Payroll Deductions -Employer Payroll Taxes Warranty Liabilities Employee Health/Pension Benefits Payable Vacation Pay (employee benefits) Tax Liabilities for Businesses (Federal Income Tax - Corporation only; State and/or local income taxes - Corporation only; property taxes; sales taxes; etc.) Deferred Income Taxes for Corporations Contingent Liabilities -Legal Claims (Potential) -Debt Guarantees -Other Contingencies INTEREST & NON-INTEREST NOTES Interest Bearing Notes: Specifies: -A stated rate of interest -Interest is to be paid at maturity in addition to the face or principal amount of the note. Non-Interest Bearing Notes: Does not specify a rate of interest Includes the interest in the face amount of the note An overdue non-interest bearing note immediately draws interest at a legal rate (usually specified by law) from the due date. EXAMPLE: The business needs to borrow $2,000 cash from the bank for 60 days on December 16, 1999 a. interest bearing note, 6% b. non-interest bearing note, $2,040 UNEARNED REVENUES Arise from revenues that have been collected in advance during the current period but will not be earned until a later accounting period. -Also called; Deferred Revenue, Revenue collected in Advance, or Precollected Revenue Unearned Revenues constitute a liability since cash has been collected but the goods or services have not been provided (i.e. the revenue has not been earned) -There is a present obligation to render, in the future, the product or services. EXAMPLE: Textbook, page 499 PAYROLL LIABILITIES Recording Employee salary expense and amounts withheld. -Textbook, page 507 Recording Employer Payroll taxes -Textbook, page 508 Payroll Reports, Records and Procedures -Appendix 12A, page 523 Payroll reports are filed within one month after the end of each calendar quarter Payments: -Less than $500, pay with report -Most companies are required to pay monthly or semiweekly -If taxes are over $100,000 they must be paid at the end of the next business day Employers are required to provide employees with a W-2 before January 31 of the following year Companies with many employees often use a special payroll bank account to pay employees. CONTINGENT LIABILITIES A contingent liability is not a legal or effective debt -- rather it is a potential future liability It is a potential liability that has arisen as a result of an event that already has occurred but its conversion to an effective liability is dependent upon the occurrence of one or more future events REPORTING: -A contingent liability is not recorded in the accounting records unless there is a high probability of loss. -They are generally reported in a footnote(s) to the financial statements An example is a pending lawsuit. Before recording in the financial records work with the legal representation to insure proper recording CURRENT LIABILITIES Working Capital: The difference between total current assets and total current liabilities Current Ratio or Workinng Capital Ratio: ______Current Assets_____ Current Liabilities Example: The balance sheet for ABC Company, December 31, 2000, reported total current assets of $900,000 and total current liabilities of $300,000. Working Capital: $900,000 - $300,000 = $600,000 Current Ratio: $ 900,000__ 300,000 = 3.00 or 3 to 1 LONG-TERM LIABILITIES Includes ALL obligations of the entity not properly classified as current liabilities. Generally arise from the purchase of fixed assets or borrowing on

Free Essays on Psychologyand Social Phobia

INTRODUCTION The author of this essay will aim to give a definition of Psychology, select and define a contemporary health issue. The author will also indicate the extent of the contemporary health issue and discuss the characteristics of this health issue including the effects of any treatments and the impact on ‘normal life’. The author will also indicate if this health issue is of, or should have any concern for the public. Finally the author will review two psychological approaches and apply one or more approaches to the contemporary health issue selected. Before we can review any psychological approach we must first understand the definition of psychology. â€Å"Perhaps the most wildly accepted definition of psychology is that it is the scientific study of behaviour and experience†. (Wadeley, Birch & Malim 1997). Psychologists have developed several theories and approaches to explain human behaviour but not one single theory or approach can explain all of human behaviour. The author has chosen as his contemporary health issue for this essay phobias and in particular social phobia. What is a phobia? A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder. Essentially it is defined as an irrational fear of an object or situation of which the sufferer has a compelling need to flee or avoid the phobic object or situation. (Beck A.T & Emery G 1985) Phobias are the fears that humankind and animal-kind have, but how do they arise. Do they arise from past instances, and/or are they learned from other people. How does the body react to these phobias. These instances must be traumatic or why else would they cause any distortions. When the fear is learned from one being to the other, does this mean it is contagious, or it can be spread to all of the population? Well-established phobias can last a lifetime, which is why it is so often hard to overcome a phobia. It may be so deeply rooted in the person that some may have t... Free Essays on Psychologyand Social Phobia Free Essays on Psychologyand Social Phobia INTRODUCTION The author of this essay will aim to give a definition of Psychology, select and define a contemporary health issue. The author will also indicate the extent of the contemporary health issue and discuss the characteristics of this health issue including the effects of any treatments and the impact on ‘normal life’. The author will also indicate if this health issue is of, or should have any concern for the public. Finally the author will review two psychological approaches and apply one or more approaches to the contemporary health issue selected. Before we can review any psychological approach we must first understand the definition of psychology. â€Å"Perhaps the most wildly accepted definition of psychology is that it is the scientific study of behaviour and experience†. (Wadeley, Birch & Malim 1997). Psychologists have developed several theories and approaches to explain human behaviour but not one single theory or approach can explain all of human behaviour. The author has chosen as his contemporary health issue for this essay phobias and in particular social phobia. What is a phobia? A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder. Essentially it is defined as an irrational fear of an object or situation of which the sufferer has a compelling need to flee or avoid the phobic object or situation. (Beck A.T & Emery G 1985) Phobias are the fears that humankind and animal-kind have, but how do they arise. Do they arise from past instances, and/or are they learned from other people. How does the body react to these phobias. These instances must be traumatic or why else would they cause any distortions. When the fear is learned from one being to the other, does this mean it is contagious, or it can be spread to all of the population? Well-established phobias can last a lifetime, which is why it is so often hard to overcome a phobia. It may be so deeply rooted in the person that some may have t...

Questions on Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Questions on Law - Assignment Example The police officer who witnessed their act together with his back up team issued citation for the suspects. The gang moved a motion for dismissal of their cases on the ground that their citations were issued by officers who lacked probable cause. Legal principle: Prosecution’s reasoning The case is based on the principle of probable cause for making an arrest. Under the principle, a police officer can make a warrantless arrest, and citation, if there is a sufficient probable cause. A police officer can justify the move under probable cause in two circumstances. The officer must be able to explain the information that led to the assumption that the suspect was involved in a criminal act and the officer’s move must have been based on the suspected cause (Bergman and Berman, 2011). The likely ruling In the cases of Maryland vs. Pringe, Ybarra v Illinois and the case of State v. Sokolow, it was held that the presence of an incriminating evidence and reasonable suspicion for m ground for sufficient probable cause to arrest a suspect. It was further held, in the case of Alabama v. White, existence of probable cause is sufficient. The judge is therefore likely to uphold the case due to sufficiency of probable cause that the officers had (Bergman and Berman, 2011), (Carmen, 2009), (Meeker, 2004).... The gang can use this principal to suppress the paper (Meeker, 2004). Prosecution’s likely argument The law exempts the need for warrant before a search in cases where the searches are immediately related to an arrest. In the case of Colorado v. Bertine, the courts held that searches of a person’s possession are admissible if the search is done within the immediate scope of the arrest. The prosecution can thus argue that the retrieval of the paper was incident to the issuing of citations and therefore admissible (Carmen, 2009). The judge’s likely decision The judge is likely to uphold the evidence. This is because the suspects were under the authority of the police and the case of Colorado v. Bertine would be more applicable (Carmen, 2009). Question 3 Search of Ma’s car Tony accepts citation and gets into Ma’s car. A police officer then asked to search Ma’s car and she sped off. Legal status of the search Ma was obliged to let the police offi cer search her car. Reason Search on motor vehicles are governed by the Fourth amendment. Under warrantless search and frisk, a motorist can be searched on two grounds. The motorist must have been reasonably suspected of association with a criminal act. A search is also called for if the police officer feels threatened. The basis of a motorist’s association with a criminal act was established in the case of Pennsylvania vs. Mimms in which it was held that there must be a legal ground for stopping the car (Carmen, 2009). Persuading the court that the search was invalid A search, considered as a breach of a person’s privacy, is valid if it is done legally. The general rule for warrantless searches is that they have to be done with free consent of the suspect

Network Infrastructure Basics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Network Infrastructure Basics - Assignment Example Dial-up networking facilitates computer connection to remote networks. It is usually used in home computers, but in some cases, it is used as a business or the Internet network. Unlike the Dial-up modem uses phone lines in sending and receiving data, the DSL uses regular phone lines to send digital broadband signals. ISDN network connection allows internet connections or direct communication between computers. This connection sends digital signals, and in some cases, it uses regular telephone wiring with distinctive ISDN networks (Graziani and Johnson, 2008). Finally, a wireless connection uses infrared lights or radio waves for sending data between hosts. Wireless network connections are common in airports, homes, business, and hotels. In most cases, wireless network connections are through larger wired networks that are connected to the internet. Protocols are sets of standards that facilitate communication between network hosts. They usually provide services including e-mail and file transfers. Most protocols are not designed to use independently but with interaction with other independent or complementary protocols (Graziani and Johnson, 2008). This often constitutes a group of protocols that function as a unit, and they are referred to as protocol suite. An internet protocol suite is referre d to as TCP/IP and is the widely used protocol suite. There are numerous TCP/IP protocol suites, and the wider category include web browsing, security protocols, file transfer, E-mail, network services, network management, transport protocols, and control protocols. The TCP/IP protocol suite works independently of the physical network architecture (Dye, McDonald, and Rufi, 2008). There are numerous parameters required for TCP/IP network connections. The most influential parameters include IP address, Subnet mask, Default gateway, DNS server, and Hostname. The IP address is used to identify the logical host and the logical address network  addresses. On the other hand, the subnet mask identifies the IP address portion that deals with a network address. The default gateway identifies the router, and the DNS server address is used to resolve host names to IP addresses.

Diversity and Curriculum Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diversity and Curriculum Development - Essay Example This case happens due to the different ethnic groups that the students come from. Since the students can easily communicate well with the friends, this results in the students who share a common language to form different groups in the school basing on these language groups. To bring this case into control, I will introduce a common language that every student is well conversant with. I make it mandatory that every student communicates using this language. For example, English is an international language and no any high school student who will understand the language. The other issue is to introduce a course that interpolates the different cultures and which teach students of the importance of being together in a mixed diverse cultures. The benefits of the diverse culture curriculum is that the students will be able to learn others cultures and beliefs. It will enhance unity among the different ethnic communities since they will get to understand each other while in school, and upon getting home, they will tell their colleagues. For example, a particular community may be having a negative perception against another, where these colleagues will tell them that what they think is not the case. Another benefit is that accrues a community practicing in diverse cultural practices, is the issue of efficiency and effectiveness in performing tax. This is because different people from different parts of the world have different talents. For example, people from Brazil are magnificent in football, those from Chicago, perfect in basketball. In the context involving the diversity of male and female students, of late this issue is overshadowed by time,... In the context involving the diversity of male and female students, of late this issue is overshadowed by time, and bringing the cases of male-female students’ interaction will not be much hectic. However, there are still other communities which are still being held in the cocoon of male chauvinism. The main challenge will be to make these individuals to value the female students as same as they value the male ones. In order to deal with issue fully, I will argue my fellow committee members to pass the issue that any student caught discriminating his/her colleague just because of gender differences to be dealt with appropriately. This will be a lesson to him/her and to his/her friends with the same mentality. Another challenge is the issue of how the male and female students will have different resources. These resources will include the toilets, bathrooms and other activities like the queuing. Some of these issues will add on more expenses to the school. There are benefits, w hich accrue from the male, female interaction. These will include the enhanced cooperation among the two genders. With regard that the curriculum is based on cultural diversity, this may lead to students from different communities to mingle which will lead to intermarriages in the future date. It also makes the students learn with efficiency the differences between the genders since they can do it practically. For example, the differences between the physical characteristics of male and female can be demonstrated practically.

Violence Against Nurses In Psychiatric Health And Social Care Essay

Violence Against Nurses In Psychiatric Health And Social Care Essay Violence is currently prevalent in every sphere of social life. Nowadays, health care personnel are facing more harsh behaviours than ever before, here in Jordan. The rising rate of violence in health care settings has become a major problem for nurses. Nurses are at considerable risk of occupational (work-related) violence. Working primarily in psychiatric departments resulted in an increased risk for both physical assault and non-physical violence (Nachreiner, et al., 2007). Psychiatric health care providers have high rates of work place violence victimization, but yet little is known about the strategies used by them and their facilities to manage, reduce, and prevent violence (Peek-Asa, et al, 2009). Their presence in stressful situations such as incidents (violent incidents), suicide attempts, waiting to visit a doctor, or transfer of patients to another ward or another hospital exposes them to more abuse or harsh behaviour from patients, families, relatives and friends than oth er hospital staff (Kwak et al., 2006). The motivation of this paper stemmed from a recently news in the media reporting the increased incidents of violence and aggression faced by nurses in Jordanian hospitals. The media news prompted the author to reflect on current knowledge and understanding of these events in both in Jordan and around the world to make recommendations for managing reducing, and prevention of these events in the future. Recommendations for future research in this area were addressed also. Recommendations for future research will enable nurses to deepen their understanding of violence and aggression in psychiatric settings which in turn will lead to improved strategies, policy and practice leading to increased safety for nurses and patients. This paper was intended to be a commentary paper on the phenomena of violence in psychiatric settings; however, to comment on this phenomenon an extensive literature review was conducted and will be presented also. The paper design compared the violence with the cr ime. The perpetrator of this crime is the psychiatric or mentally ill patient, while the victim is the psychiatric/mental health nurse. The scene where the crime occurred is the psychiatric setting. The Aim This paper aims to provide a general understanding of the whole picture of violence against nurses in psychiatric settings. In order to achieve that, this paper addressed the following topics: (1) Recent epidemiology of episodes of violence in psychiatric words, (2) Defining violence and related concepts, types, and forms, (3) The perpetrator, (4) The victim, (5) Prevention of violent incidents, (6) Assessment of violence, (7) Management of violent episodes. Methods The following databases were searched: EBSCO host service databases (Academic Search complete, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL Plus), MEDLINE, Psychology and Behaviours Sciences Collection). These databases were searched for English language papers published between 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2011 using the key words violen* (violence or violent) and in-patient or psychiatric words or psychiatric settings. Limiters were used in each database to include and exclude certain studies. The search was limited to full text articles, available references articles , articles published between 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2011 in scholarly (peer reviewed) journals. Special limiters for Academic Search Complete were periodical publications, English language articles, and articles with PDF full text. Special limiters for CINAHL Plus were articles with available abstract, English language articles, research articles only, articles that considered humans only as research subjects, articles with at least one nurse author, studies conducted in inpatient settings only, and articles with PDF full text. Special limiters for MEDLINE were: articles with abstract available, English language articles, articles that considered humans only as research subjects, articles published in nursing Journals only. Only PDF full text articles were searched in psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection. After completing search, 197 studies resulted. Most of them were included in this paper. However, some were not included because they did not respond to the objects of this paper. Some of studies in references lists of the resultant articles were also reviewed and included for epidemiological purposes even they are older than five years. Some of them were also used for critically reviewing the updated studies (à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¥5 years). Definitions Violence in the workplace can take various forms ranging from abusive language, threats, physical assaults, and even homicide (Wassell, 2009). There are many different definitions of violence. This section will define and differentiate between violence forms and forms. The world Health Organization (WHO) define violence as: The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevlopment, or deprivation (WHO, 2005, p.5). Work-related violence is any activity or event occurred in the work environment involve the international use of physical or emotional abuse against an employee, resulting in negative physical and emotional consequences (Nachreiner, et al., 2007). A less restrictive definition was the definition of Baron and Neuman; they define workplace violence as direct attacks which occur in the work place itself or within an organization (Baron Neumann, 1998). Physical assault is hitting, slapping, kicking, pushing, grabbing, sexually assaulted, or any type of physical contact aimed to injury or harm (Nachreiner et al.). A threat occurred when someone used words, gestures, or actions for freighting another one without attempting harm or injury (Nachreiner et al.). Sexual harassment occurred when one is a subject for any type of unwanted sexual behaviour (words or actions). (Nachreiner et al.). Verbal abuse is calling another person -must be associated with the name- with unfavourable words for the purpose of hurting emotionally injuring. Jenkins (1996) believes that even threat of physical violence is considered physical violence (Jenkins, 1996). WHO determined three types of violent acts: physical, sexual, and psychological (WHO, 2005, p.6). Violence and aggression are two interrelated concepts extensively studied in nursing literature. Although, they are not the same, nursi ng literature widely used them interchangeably. In this paper, violence and aggression will be used interchangeably. Epidemiology The risk of being subjected to violence among health staff is 16 times higher than in other occupational groups in the service sector (Kingma, 2001). There is an escalating alarming trend of all forms and types of violence towards nurses in health care settings (Whelan, 2008). Nurses are at the highest rates of nonfatal workplace assault and violent victimization in all health care settings (Lanza, Zeiaa, Rierdan, 2006). There is a considerable difference in the prevalence and incidence of episodes of violence in mental health settings, depending on the countries in which the studies were carried out. A survey of 4.826 nurses conducted by the American Nurses Association, 17% reported that they have been physically assaulted, and 57% reported that they had been abused in the last year (Peek-Asa, et al., 2009). Also, only 20% reported that they felt safe in their current work environments. Psychiatric nurses are the highest subjects of violent victimization rates of all types of nurse s (Islam, Edla, Mujuru, Doyle, Ducatman, 2003). In an analysis of the results of the Assaulted Staff Action Programme (ASAP) that persists for 15 years; 1.123 mental health nurses (69.58%) were victims of violence by patients. They were the subjects of physical (85.32%), sexual (1.18%), nonverbal intimidation (1.67%), and (6.01%) assaults. 46.34% of injures were soft tissue bruises, 10.16% were head and back injuries, 5.76% were bone/tendon/ligament injures, 12.39% were open wounds, scratches, or spitting incidents, 1.8% were abdominal wounds, and 18.65% were psychological fright. 36.69% were mild injures, 31.52% were moderate, and 14.13% serious and intense (Flannery, Farley, Rego, Walker, 2007). A survey in psychiatric institutions in Switzerland reported that 70% percent of nurses reported being physically attacked at least once in their career (Needham, et al., 2004). A multiregional study of nursing staff members from acute psychiatric settings showed that 76% of the particip ants reported that they were assaulted at least once (Peek-Asa, et al., 2009). In a study in Iran, verbal abuse was experienced by 87.4% of nurses during a 6-month period, and physical violence by 27.6% during the same period of time (Shogi, Sanjari, Shirazi, Heidari, Salemi, Mirzabeigi, 2008). The most frequent and most severe forms of verbal abuse reported were judging and criticizing, accusing and blaming, and abusive anger (Kisa, 2008). In one Arabic study, a national cross sectional survey was conducted in Kuwait to document the prevalence and determinants of violence against nurses in healthcare facilities. 48% of nurses experienced verbal violence; and 7% only experienced physical harm over the previous six months (Adib, Al-Shatti, Kamal, El-Gerges, Al-Raqem, 2002). Another Arabic study in Bahrain, Hamadeh and colleagues found the average assault rate on nurses is 4.4%. (Hamadeh, Al Alaiwat, Al Ansari, 2003). No similar studies were conducted in Jordan. However, this high results may be an emergent indicator of the escalating trend in Jordan and other Arabic countries because of their similar Arabic culture to Kuwait and Bahrain. Epidemiological studies were recommended to conduct to determine the incidence and prevalence of this phenomenon in Jordanian health care settings and especially in mental ones. Despite the high prevalence of violence acts toward nurses, only 20% of violent incidents are reported by nurses. This is due to staff being accustomed to violence; peer pressure not to report; differential reporting based on gender of the victim, fear of blame; excessive paper work; and incomplete or invalid information on reports completed by persons not witness to the event (Crilly, Chaboyer, Creedy, 2004). This problem should also be addressed in future studies to investigate its causes and to solve it. The Victim Nurses are usually the subjects of violence victimization. However, Other mental health care professionals such as physicians and physiotherapists are also at a considerable of violent acts (Stubbs Dickens, 2009). This paper addressed nurses only as subjects of victimization from psychiatric and mentally ill patients. Psychiatric patients assaults on nurses victims are a worldwide occupational problem. There is remarkable consistency in victim characteristics over time (Flannery, Juliano, Cronin, Walker, 2006). Men nurses were exposed to more abuse than women (Shagi, et al., 2008). However, there is an inconsistent finding in the literature identifying whether males or females are more violence-prone (Camerino, Estryn-Behar, Conway, Der Heijden, Hasselhorn, 2008). The risk of experiencing abuse was higher in nurses with more job experience or who worked more hours (Shagi et al.). On the other hand, a longitudinal cohort study showed that younger nurses with less job experiences are at increased risk violence (Camerino et al., 2008). However, exposure to violence was not significantly associated with age, gender, duration of employment in nurses working in child and adolescent psychiatric units (Dean, Gibbon, McDermott, Davidson, Scott, 2010). Having a lower job title (air or practical nurse), b eing in closer contact with patients, having special personality traits, using drug or alcohol, reporting extreme fatigue , may lead to higher risks for aggression and harassment at the workplace (Cooper Swanson, 2002). Nachreiner et al, agree with Copper Swanson on that LPNs an increased risk for both physical assault and non-physical violence compared to RNs (Nachreiner et al, 2007). Violent incidents are often related to the low awareness of nurses about the adequate therapeutic communication skills in dealing with patients (Cooper Swanson, 2002). Perceptions attitudes of nurses on patients violent incidents in psychiatric settings are extensively studied in the literature. Psychiatric nurses attitudes are different across countries (Jansen, Middel, Dassen, Reijneveld, 2006). According to some nurses violence is perceived as dysfunctional/undesirable. Whereas in others, violence is perceived as a functional comprehensible phenomenon (Abderhalden et al., 2002). 97% of participants believed that dealing with aggressive behaviour was a part of work in mental health inpatient unit (Dean, Gibbon, McDermott, Davidson, Scott, 2010). In the same study, 69.7% of participants believed that the current level of physical aggression in the ward was unacceptable, whereas only 12% report that it was acceptable, and the others reported feelings of uncertainty (Dean et al, 2010). They rationalize that by recognize that staff with more positive attitudes exhibited lower state anxiety. There are negative attitudes of nursing students to violen t incidents, and these attitudes are deteriorated over time (Bowers, Alexander, Simpson, Ryan, Carr-Walker, 2007). The perception of aggression scale (POAS) is a newly developed attitude inventory assessing nurses attitude toward aggressive patients (Palmstierna Barredal, 2006). Consequences of violent incidents on nurses were also extensively investigated in the literature. Responses to violence encompassed three major categories relating to physical emotional and professional impact (Dean, et al., 2010). They found that physical injuries divided to: direct injuries from the violent incidents, injuries while implementing restrictive interventions, and physical symptoms such as headache and muscle tension (Dean, et al.). Major physical injuries were on the head, the trunk, the upper and lower extremities (Langsrud, Linakker, Morken, 2007). Ongoing mental fatigue, stress, shock, helplessness, anger, vulnerability, feelings of being emotionally drained, anxious, impaired sleep and concentration were all emotional responses of nurses as a result of being violent (Dean, et al.). Nurses also respond with the following emotions and behaviours: frustration, despair, hopelessness, substance abuse, absenteeism, retaliation and the development of I do not care attitu de (Bimenyimana, Poggenpoel, Myburgh, Niekerk, 2009). The results of verbal abuse or violence by patients, often result in a severe psychological impact in nurses (Inoue, Tsukano, Muraoka, Kaneko, and Okamara, 2006). The most common emotional reaction to violence was anger, followed by shame, humiliation and frustration (Kisa, 2008). The Perpetrator Violence is common among individuals entering mental substance abuse words. Episodes of violence on psychiatric wards have been extensively studied, with one of the main aims being to identify who is more likely to be violent during hospitalization. However, it is difficult to determine that, because violence is a complex behaviour links with a variety of biological, psychopathological, and social factors. 15-years study concludes that older male patients with schizophrenia and younger personality-disordered patients are high-risk assailants (Flannery, Juliano, Cronin Walker, 2006). Antisocial personality disorder poses a great risk for violence among women than men (Yang Coid, 2007). Anxiety disorders and any personality disorder are more severe among violent women; alcohol dependence and hazardous drinking are more severe among violent men (Yang Coid). In a recent literature, Cornaggia and colleagues found that the psychiatric diagnosis most frequently associated with aggressive behaviour is paranoid schizophrenia. As patients with paranoid schizophrenia retain sufficient ability to plan and commit acts of violence related to their delusions (Cornaggia, Beghi, Pavone, Barale, 2011). Higher levels of hostility-suspiciousness predict the worsening of the pattern of violence (Amore et al., 2008). Persecutory delusions appear to increase risk of violence in some patients; co-occurren ce of persecutory delusions and emotional distress may increase the risk of violence (Bjorkly, 2006). Lower social class of origin, offending behaviour in the parental generation loss of the father, a new partnership of the remaining parent, growing up in blended families promoted the development of offending behaviour in general (Stompe, et al., 2006). Past history of violence toward others, substance abuse disorders are risk factors for future violence (Flannery, Julliano, Cronin, Walker). Past history remains the most consistent and stable predictor of future violence (Amore et al., 2008). Dual diagnosed patients with substance abuse disorders and bipolar sample have more violent acts (Grunebaum, et al., 2006). Black and minority ethnic are more often perceived as potentially violent to others (Vinkers, Vries, Van Baars, Mulder, 2009). Internalizing symptoms and affective reactivity contributed to aggression severity more than impulsivity and demographics (Kolko, Baumann, Buks tein, Brown, 2007). Even the month of birth of patients is considered a risk factor of violent behaviour (Cailhol, et al., 2009). Repeatedly violent patients had a higher length of residency, a higher number of previous violent behaviours (Grassi, et al., 2006). A past history of head injury with loss of consciousness was more frequent among persistently physically aggressive patients (Amore, et al., 2007). Assessment Many studies also discussed high risk children in the literature. Aggression appears associated with a wide variety of commonly psychiatric disorders in children (Connor McLaughlin, 2006). Children of bipolar parents are at high risk of hostility, aggression, violence (Farchione, et al., 2007). Adolescent conduct disorder patients are more likelihood to be violent (Ilomak, Viilo, Hakko, Marttunen, Makkikyro, Rasanen, 2006). Children with learning disabilities who had a comorbid psychiatry diagnoses reported a significantly higher amount of peer victimization than children without a cormobid psychiatric disease (Baumeister, Sterch, Geffken, 2007). Many other results showed results opposed to what known. Foley and colleagues found that violence at presentation with first-episode psychosis is not associated with duration of untreated psychosis (Foley, Browne, Clarke, Kinsella, Larkin, O`Callagham, 2007). No substantial evidence support the relation between insight and violence risk (Bjorkly, 2006). The Scene The scene of violence victimization against the psychiatric nurses by psychiatric and mentally ill patients is the psychiatric settings. The structure of the setting can provoke the manifestation of violence (Steffgen, 2008). Also, environmental design have been demonstrated to deter violence (Wassell, 2009). Inadequate staffing levels and lack of opportunities for clients to participate in therapy may provoke violence behaviour (Sturrock, 2010). The role of uncertainty concerning job stability represent a casual factor Also, lack of job security may cause violent behaviour The absence of social support and co-workers increases the risk of nurses in this setting to physical and verbal violence (Steffgen). The occurrence of workplace violence may cause damage to both the individual and the institutions. Organizations may face increased absenteeism, sick leave, property damage, decreased performance and productivity, security costs, litigation, workers compensation, and increasing turn over rates (Jackson, Clare, Mannix, 2002). Prevention Previous nursing literature suggested a number of strategies that can be considered by nurses to prevent violence. There is limited research on effective interventions to prevent patient violence (Kling, Yassi, Smailes, Lovato, Koehoorn, 2010). However, failing to accept and implement preventive measures in psychiatric settings has an impact to reduce violence in these settings (Wassell, 2009). Improved reporting may be of big benefit of reducing physical violence (Nolan Citrome, 2007). This may be occur by early recognition and intervention of potentially occurring violent incidents in the future. After conducting the Violence Prevention Community Meeting (VPCM), a significant decrease in patients violence were found across day, evening and night shift for pre-treatment vs. treatment and pre-treatment vs. post treatment comparisons. VPCM is a semi-structured protocol for the purpose of violence prevention (Lanza, Rierdan, Forester, Zeiss, 2009). Early recognition has strong practical implications for psychiatric nurses by helping them to assist patients with the detection of early warning signs. Early recognition is pay special attention to the early social and interpersonal factors that may deteriorate the patient behaviour to violent one (Fluttert, Meijel, Webster, Nijman, Bartels, Grypdonck, 2008). Steffgen identified many preventative measures of workplace violence such as: measures concerning the physical environment, measures concerning the management of the organizations and the behaviours of the members in the organizations, policies, counselling and training measures (Steffgen, 2008). A 6-module program have been shown to be effective in reducing and preventing violent incidents in a 6-months evaluation period. The 6 modules were about violence risk assessment, theoretical models of violence, assertive training, ethical legal issues of violence management (Anderson, 2006). Dubin et al identified six gold recommendations to prevent violence incidents in psychiatric emergencies. Firstly, all newly admitted patients should be assessed for risk of violence; those who have risk factors should be continually assessed. Second, nurses should avoid evaluating and/or treating patients at risk for violence alone or in an isolated office. Third, nurses must remember that patients violence is a response to feelings of helplessness, passivity, and perceived or actual humiliation; therefore nurses should avoid becoming verbally or physically towards them. Fourth, nurses are supposed to use non-coercive methods such as de-escalation to prevent escalation of patients aggression. Fifth, limit setting should always offer the patient two options with one option being the preferred option. Sixth, an armed patient should not be threatened and the clinician should respond in a non-threatening manner offering help and understanding. Finally, evaluation of environment safety s hould occur periodically and changes should be implemented that will enhance safety (Dubin, Julius, Novitsky, William, 2009). Assessment The first step in mental nursing process and one of the most important duties in psychiatric settings is assessment. Psychiatric nurses are faced with a great number of situations in which risk assessment are needed. Risk assessment is a process concerned with a variety of issues à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬risk for what, when, where, and to whom-not just the were Prediction of future violence (Haggard-Grann, 2007). Predicting violence has been compared to forecasting the weather. Like a good weather forecaster, the nurse does not state with certainty that an event will occur. Instead, he/she estimates the likelihood that a future event will occur. Like weather forecasting, predictions of future violence will not always be correct (Scott Resnick, 2006). Three major types of violence risk assessment are extensively reviewed in the literature. The three types are: (1) Clinical violence risk assessment, (2) Structural risk assessment tools, (3) Functional assessment. The number of risk assessment instruments has increased in the recent years (Haggard-Grann). Risk assessment tools should include situational aspects, behavioural patterns, and predicted events or stressors (Haggard-Grann). The first step when determining which instrument to use for a specific risk assessment is to determine the purpose and context for which the instrument is needed (Haggard-Grann). Decision should be made regarding whether the assessment is for the first time (to separate the highly risk patients from others) or for continuous ongoing assessment (Haggard-Grann). If adopted in clinical practice with a professional way, these instruments will indeed aid in the assessment and early recognition of violent incidents. However, they are inescapable part in the clinical practice in psychiatric settings. (Haggard-Grann). Awareness of the limits and abilities of such instruments is required. Lurigio and Harris underscored the importance of performing more accurate assessment tools that can for example determine the upcoming type of violence, or the likelihood of weapons use (Lurigio Harris, 2009). A risk assessment tool mainly contains two types of factors: static and dynamic. Dynamic factors are of a great importance in a decision context whereas static factors are at less importance. Dynamic factors should be assessed regularly in a structured time schedule (ex. every 1 hr). (Haggard-Grann). Static variables are based on intrapersonal factors (ex., personal biological characteristics) that served as risks factors for a patient to be potentially violent in the future. (Haggad-Grann). Many violent risk assessment tools were developed for the aim to assess the violent incidents in psychiatric settings. Sexual Aggression scale is an effective assessment tool to record systematically the occurrence of sexually aggressive behaviours for patients who reside in psychiatric hospitals. (Jones, Sheitman, Hazelrigg, Camel, Williams, Paesler, 2007). It is a brief scale consists of 4 sub scales with a brief description of them. The Alert System is a system includes a risk assessment form used by nursing staff to assess patients upon admission to the psychiatric setting in order to identify these at an increased risk of violence (Kling, et al ., 2010). If identified as at risk for violence, a flag is placed on the patients chart and wristband to contain staff of a patients potential for violence (Kling et al). The warning is intended to allow workers to take precautions to prevent violent incidents in flagged patients. These precautions may include: wearing a personal alarm, being near a security personals, not having sharp objects in the patients room, and not entering the patients room alone (Kling et al). Study results indicate that the Alert System is effective in identifying potentially violent patients. However, the ultimate goal of implementing the Alert System is to reduce the risk of violent incidents (Kling et al). Risk for in-patient violence in acute psychiatric intensive unit can be a high degree be predicted by nurses using the Broset violence checklist (Bjorkdahl, Olsson, Palmstierna, 2006). The BVC is a method to predict risk for violence from patients within the coming 24 hrs in acute psychiatric inpatient settings (Bjorkdahl, Olsson, Palmstierna). BVC is used to assess the patient three times daily: in the morning, noon, and night shifts (Bjorkdahl, Olsson, Palmstierna). The BVC assess absence or presence of six behaviours: confusion, boisterousness, irritability, verbally, threatening, physically threatening and attacking object (Bjorkdahl, Olsson, Palmstierna). The HCR-20 is a structured professional checklist designed for the assessment of risk future violence in patients with violent history / or a major mental disorder or personality disorders. (De Vogel De Ruter, 2006). The HCR-20 consists of 20 items, divided into three subscales: historical scale, clinical scale, and risk management scale. The predictive validity of the HCR-20 was good (De Vogel De Ruiter). The Forensic Early Warning Signs of Aggression Inventory (FESA) was developed to assist nurses and patients in identifying and monitoring early warning signs of aggression in forensic patients (Fluttert, Meijel, Leeuwen, Bjorkly, Nijman, Grypdonck, 2011). The Maudsley Violence Questionnaire contains 56-items measure a number of cognition (including: beliefs, rules, distortions and attributions) that are related to violence (Warnock-Parkes, Gudjonsson, Walker, 2007). The Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) is a clinical rating scale designed to measure psychopathic attributes in mentally ill patients, Patients who score higher have higher rates of violent recidivism (Scott Resnick, 2006). The PCL uses a semi-structured interview, case-history information, and specific criteria to rate each of 20 items on a three- point scale (0, 1, 2). (Scott Resnick). Total scores (ranging from 0 to 40) reflect an estimate of the degree to which the patient matches psychopathy (Scott Resnick). The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) is a risk assessment instrument of 12 items. It is probably the most well-known assessment instrument aimed to assess dangerousness in high-risk mentally ill patients. It is used to appraise the violence risk in psychiatric and other health settings (Scott Resnick, 2006). It is constructed by taking variables known to predict violent behaviour among men with mental disorders who have records of previous violent behaviour then summarizing the variables into one scheme (Haggard-Grann, 2007). Interactive Classification Tree is a recent tool for assessing the violence risk of patients discharged from psychiatric facilities (Scott Resnick, 2006). This tool utilizes a sequence of questions related to risk factors for potential violence (Scott Resnick). According to the answers, another related question is posed, until the pt is classified into a category of high or low risk of future violence (Scott Resnick). Structured risk assessment tools have inherent limitation when used alone. Criticisms of instruments include the following: they provide only approximations of risks; their use is not generalizable beyond the studied populations: they are rigid, and they fail to inform violence prevention risk management (Scott Resnick, 2006). Functional assessment approaches seek to clarify the factors responsible for the development, expression and maintenance of problem behaviours. This is achieved through assessment of the behaviour of interest, the individuals predisposing characteristics, and the antecedent events, considered important for the initiation of the behaviour, and the consequences of the behaviour, which maintain and direct its developmental course (Daffern, Howells, Ogloff, 2007). They identify 9 common functions of violent behaviour in psychiatric settings in the literature: demand avoidance, to force compliance, to express anger, to reduce tension, to obtain tangibles, social distance reduction (attention seeking), to enhance status or social approval, compliance with instruction, to observe suffering (Daffern, Howells, Ogloff). Functional assessment have many implications for the prediction and prevention of inpatient violence and for the treatment of violent patients. The distinction of functional assessment approaches and structured assessment tools is that the first emphasize the correct classification of the form of a particular behaviour and the other one emphasize the purpose of the behaviour (Daffern, Howells, Ogloff). The clinical risk assessment method is the oldest method of violence risk assessment. It is the classical method of expecting, predicting, and assessing of risk. This means that the nurse gathers the information that he or she believes to be useful and on the basis of that information makes a judgment of the risk (Haggad-Grann, 2007). Unfortunately, this method cannot predict future violence with high accuracy. The accuracy of a

Language in Braham Stokers Dracula :: Dracula Essays

The Importance of Language in Dracula Braham Stoker's Dracula exhibits a noticeable tie to other monster stories, in that the creature is hindered by language, and often defeated by it. In Beowulf, the monster Grendel is unable to speak, and is excluded from the community. Shakespeare's Caliban of The Tempest was taught speech, and used it to curse. In Shelly's Frankenstein, the creature was hindered by knowing nothing at his creation as an adult, and becomes a monster partly from the treatment he receives by the people he meets, but also from the books he reads, which leads to his education of hatred and eventual downfall. Count Dracula's problem was not that he was unintelligent in the use of language. He understood the power of language very well, and uses Jonathan Harker in order to perfect his own English. The Count's problem is that the mortals he wishes to prey upon are able to communicate with each other very well and very efficiently. Because they are able to communicate so well, they are all able to join their stories of the count and discover, first, his existence, and second, his intentions. This begins with Jonathan Harker's journal, in which he records his adventures in the Carpathians. This is important, because his journal is an important clue in finally determining what exactly is happening. His fiancé, and later wife, Mina transcribes the journal, and then shows it to Dr. Van Helsing, a noted physician, attorney, philosopher, and metaphysicist. Through the journal, Van Helsing is able to determine what exactly happened to Lucy, who earlier in the novel was a victim of The Count. The phonographic journal of Dr. Seward was useful in observing Mr. Renfield, also a victim of Dracula, who the protagonists used in order to locate The Count's London abode. Another example of language defeating Dracula is Dr. Van Helsing himself. Van Helsing was educated through books and folklore, and was thus empowered with the knowledge of how to defeat the count and his minions. The doctor's knowledge of medicine allowed him to provide the transfusions to prolong Lucy's life. Through his knowledge of vampire lore, he knew to place garlic cloves to ward off the dæmon, how to use the holy wafers to "purify" that which was infected with the Vampire's curse, and the necessary ritual to destroy a vampire.

Analysis of Food Inc. Essay

Studies have shown that many people all over the world are unaware of where their food comes from. When an individual goes to consume a food product, he or she could be completely oblivious to the methods of manufacture, processing, packaging or transportation gone into the production of the food item. It is often said that ‘ignorance is bliss’ – perhaps this rings true in the case of food, its origins and its consumption as well. In such a scenario, eating well could seem like an unlikely prospect. The definition of ‘eating well’ in modern times seems to have gone from eating healthily, to eating ethically. The manner in which food is produced and consumed has changed more rapidly in the past fifty years than it has in the previous ten thousand years (Pollan and Schlosser, 2008). With this swift transformation, various ethical issues came to the fore. Food production is now done large scale in factories, rather than in farms. Mass production of various types of food, from crops and vegetables to seafood and meat, is very much the norm. The fact that food is mass produced nowadays is already something that a lot of people do not know about. The reason behind this is that food producing firms do not want the consumers – their customers – to know too much about the food manufacturing industry (Pollan and Schlosser, 2008), in the fear that customer loyalty could be lost upon their finding out various truths. To retain their customer base, according to documentary film ‘Food, Inc.’, narrated by Michael Pollan and Eric Schlosser, the image associated with food in th e United States of America is that of an American farmer. Various motifs plastered all over food packaging and advertisements for food products, such as green pastures for grazing cattle, picket fences, the typical farmhouse, vast meadows and, most importantly, the farmer, lead consumers to believe that their food still comes from farms, or at least a pastoral version of small time cottage industries. With these motifs constantly pervading the sensibilities of the average American consumer, it is little wonder that the consumer continues to ‘eat unethically’ – they are simply in the dark. Because what these motifs represent could not be further from the reality. The apparent crop central to all mass food production, as shown on ‘Food Inc’ (Pollan and Schlosser, 2008) and alluded to in Pollan’s book, ‘In The Omnivore’s Dilemma’ (2006), is corn. Corn is used in a vast assortment of ways in the food manufacturing industry. Bes ides, of course, being a food crop for direct consumption by humans, it is used to make a range of additives in processed food too, such as high fructose corn syrup, ascorbic acid, xanthan gum, et cetera. Corn is also a significant constituent of animal fodder, and is fed to almost all kinds of livestock. These include animals that are not meant, by evolution, to eat corn, such as cattle and fish (Pollan and Schlosser, 2008). The massive demand for corn is only counterbalanced by the massive supply of corn in the United States. This is due to the American government subsidising the cost of production of corn, encouraging corn farmers to produce more than the amount is truly required. Because of such heavy subsidies, corn becomes extremely cheap, produced at merely a fraction of its cost of production, and results in an enormous scale of production of corn. This manner of overproduction and consumption of corn alone raises a few ethical issues. First of all, the feeding of corn to cows and fish – not the natural food of such animals – causes immense problems to these animals, which could bring about serious repercussions to humankind as well. Take for instance, the feeding of corn to cows. Because corn is produced extremely cheaply, meat manufacturers are inclined to use corn as their choice of feed for their livestock, in order to cut down on the selling price of meat. Studies have shown that feeding corn to cows has brought about the emergence of a new, acid resistant strain of E.coli bacteria (Pollan and Schlosser, 2008). This, coupled with the terrible rearing conditions of the cows, causes the new strain of E.coli to get into the meat meant to be eventually sold. This strain of bacteria has proven to be dangerous, having claimed the lives of many people. Knowing this, the expected public reaction would be an outcry against the food manufacturing industry, demanding answers and greater, better checks of food producing companies. However, even such reactions may not yield any permanent solutions. According to ‘Food Inc.’, food regulatory bodies are being led by people from the very firms they are meant to regulate. This has appeared to cause certain food monitoring measures to become relaxed, such as a sharp decline in number of chec ks conducted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States, from 50 000 in 1972, to 9164 in 2006. One woman’s constant lobbying for better checks and regulation after her son, Kevin, passed away due to contaminated food brought about a ‘Kevin’s Law’, which, six years into her efforts, still had not been passed (Pollan and Schlosser, 2008). There is little surprise that the food produced nowadays is getting more and more dangerous for consumption. Given these circumstances, ‘eating well’ has become even more unlikely – the general public’s efforts to control the quality of their food gets constantly thwarted by powerful corporate and political institutions. Still, all does not seem to be lost. Some farmers are recognising the need to ‘de-industrialise’ the production of foodstuff. Michael Pollan’s ‘All Flesh is Grass’ talks about a ‘grass farmer’, Joel Salatin, who is a non industrial producer of food, and whose methods of production revolve around grass. (2006). ‘Big Organic’, another article by the same author, describes how food products in the whole foods aisle are properly farmed, as opposed to mass manufactured, therefore being processed or refined as little as possible. There are two downsides to be noted in both instances. For one, Joel Salatin produces foodstuff only for the local population, and expressly refuses to supply meat and other animal by-products from his relatively healthier farm animals all over the country. As a result, his ideas of rearing animals, as opposed to manufacturing them, by feeding them what they are meant to instead of cheaply obtained corn, are restricted to the borders of Swoope, Virginia (Pollan, 2008). On the other hand, to supply such products to various parts of the country, or the world, would fly in the face of the idea of sustainable food production practices. This presents quite a paradox. Another downside would be the added expense of consuming whole foods in the place of processed and mass produced food. One of the core reasons for choosing to malnourish animals by blanket feeding them corn, despite the negative implications, was the resultant driving down of cost of production of meat. This is how the average American consumer is able to put away two hundred pounds of meat every year (Pollan and Schlosser, 2008), otherwise such large quantities of meat may not be as easily produced. People nowadays have the option of buying meat and animal by-products derived from ‘freerange animals’ – referring to animals that are left to roam freely to feed, instead of restricting their movement in enclosures – for slightly more money. In economic terms, consumers seek products that minimises costs while maximising benefit. In this case, consumers are ostensibly unmoved by the prospect of consuming meat and other products from ethically raised animals, favouring instead, the cheaper, corn fed, mass produced alternatives. With this mentality to begin with, ethical eating habits would be difficult to foster. Completely giving up consumption of animal products and by-products entirely (i.e. becoming vegan) has becoming a rising phenomenon all over the world. It seems, to many vegan converts, to be the move that could galvanise the promotion of sustainable agriculture and animal welfare into action. However, according to an article on The Conversation, ‘Ordering the vegetarian meal? There’s more animal blood on your hands’, turning vegan, or even simply vegetarian, could be more detrimental than helpful (The Conversation, 2011). To provide the extra plants required to feed the changing diets of Australians alone would mean clearing native flora and fauna off arable land ‘the size of Victoria plus Tasmania’ (The Conversation, 2011) – already killing off a vast amount of animals and native plants to make way for plant based food. The above scenarios only serve to confuse the consumer even further. Most consumers do not have any way around purchasing food off the supermarket shelves that are, more often than not, tainted by ethical quandaries such as animal welfare issues etc. They also don’t exactly have the option of changing their diets to spare the lives of animals, as the result could be more damaging that the current situation. As such, an ostensible impasse seems to present itself regarding this issue. In my opinion, ‘eating well’ – ethically, and with as little animal blood on consumers’ hands – will never truly be viable in modern society. Bibliography: Pollan, M. (2006), ‘All Flesh is Grass’, In The Omnivore’s Dilemma, Penguin Press: New York, pp. 123-133 Pollan, M., Schlosser, E., 2008, ‘Food Inc.’, Available at: [Accessed 19th May, 2013] Pollan, M. (2006) ‘Big Organic’, In The Omnivore’s Dilemma, Penguin Press: New York, pp. 134-184. The Conversation, 2011, ‘Ordering the vegetarian meal? There’s more animal blood on your hands’ [online] Available at: [Accessed 19th May, 2013]

Free Essays on Sexual Harassment And How It Affects Women And Organizations

â€Å"Sexual Harassment and how it affects Women and Organizations† Outline Introduction Overview Purpose Statement First Main Point- Women in today’s competitive society Societies view of Women Defining Sexual Harassment Second Main Point- Sexual Harassment in the Work Place Publicized cases of Sexual Harassment Steps in dealing with Sexual Harassment Third Main Point- Recovering from Sexual Harassment in Organizations Sexual Harassment Policies Keys to a successful women in today’s society Conclusion References Abstract Sexual Harassment has become an issue our society and organizations cannot ignore. Women need to understand how to improve their position in a male dominated society and what to do if they are the victims of sexual harassment. Many organizations are trying to find ways to better educate their employees and to incorporate a zero tolerance policy when it comes to sexual harassment. If organizations are to keep harmony within the ranks of their employees they must act now on sexual harassment education and training. History has shown us that sexual harassment has been around for ages and in today’s modern society it continues to be an issue that makes headlines on a daily basis. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled on several cases involving sexual harassment that has long reaching implications for all organizations and the society as a whole. The purpose for this research paper is to show how women are viewed in today’s society, defining sexual harassme nt and the steps in dealing with sexual harassment if you are a victim. I will also identify some recently highly publicized cases and how organizations can protect themselves and their employees by incorporating sexual harassment policies and how to recover from sexual harassment within an organization. Sexual Harassment and how it affects Women and Or... Free Essays on Sexual Harassment And How It Affects Women And Organizations Free Essays on Sexual Harassment And How It Affects Women And Organizations â€Å"Sexual Harassment and how it affects Women and Organizations† Outline Introduction Overview Purpose Statement First Main Point- Women in today’s competitive society Societies view of Women Defining Sexual Harassment Second Main Point- Sexual Harassment in the Work Place Publicized cases of Sexual Harassment Steps in dealing with Sexual Harassment Third Main Point- Recovering from Sexual Harassment in Organizations Sexual Harassment Policies Keys to a successful women in today’s society Conclusion References Abstract Sexual Harassment has become an issue our society and organizations cannot ignore. Women need to understand how to improve their position in a male dominated society and what to do if they are the victims of sexual harassment. Many organizations are trying to find ways to better educate their employees and to incorporate a zero tolerance policy when it comes to sexual harassment. If organizations are to keep harmony within the ranks of their employees they must act now on sexual harassment education and training. History has shown us that sexual harassment has been around for ages and in today’s modern society it continues to be an issue that makes headlines on a daily basis. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled on several cases involving sexual harassment that has long reaching implications for all organizations and the society as a whole. The purpose for this research paper is to show how women are viewed in today’s society, defining sexual harassme nt and the steps in dealing with sexual harassment if you are a victim. I will also identify some recently highly publicized cases and how organizations can protect themselves and their employees by incorporating sexual harassment policies and how to recover from sexual harassment within an organization. Sexual Harassment and how it affects Women and Or...

Definition of Deadrise Used in Shipbuilding

Definition of Deadrise Used in Shipbuilding How to Measure Deadrise Deadrise is measured two ways, by a linear measurement like inches or centimeters and by expressing it as an angle. Let’s look at the angular measurement first. Looking at the cross section of a hull, draw a vertical line through the center of the vessel to the bottom of the keel. The top of this vertical line should be even with the chine, which is where the hull meets the topsides. Now draw a horizontal line which intersects both sides of the chine and the top of the vertical line you drew before. You should now have a 90-degree angle formed by the vertical and horizontal lines. Draw one more line from the point where your horizontal line meets the chine to the bottom of your vertical line at the bottom center of the keel. The triangle you formed is made up of three angles. Deadrise expressed as an angle is the measurement in degrees of the bottom of the triangle. To Calculate in Linear Terms   To calculate deadrise in linear terms you will use the same triangle as above but now you will be using a ratio to express the deadrise. Much like the roof of a building, deadrise in linear terms is written as inches per foot. First, determine the number of inches from the 90-degree angle of the triangle along the horizontal leg to the chine. Next, determine the measurement in feet from the bottom of the keel to the 90-degree angle of the triangle. Take the results and write then as inches/foot. A Measurement at a Single Point on a Vessel’s Hull Deadrise is only a measurement at a single point on a vessel’s hull. Construction plans will note the deadrise at regular intervals along the length of the hull. Since deadrise is a measurement based on the position of the chine it is possible to have complex expressions of deadrise because of multi-chine and planning hulls. If you are asked to measure deadrise you should be given a point to make your measurement. For example; deadrise at 20 feet from the bow, or deadrise at rear bulkhead. Alternate Spellings Dead Rise Common Misspellings Dead Rise The Transition From Chine to Keel One way to make a quick assessment of the purpose and ride quality of a vessel is to view the stern from the rear so you can see the transition from chine to keel. If its a sharp V shape below the water means the ride will be smooth but the ship may wallow back and forth ferries and riverboats have this design so they can operate in both directions without turning around.   If the deadrise is shallow or flat at the stern the vessel will not have much roll or wallow but it will slap into the surface with each wave. A V shape allows a smooth transition while a shallower deadrise causes a sudden impact with each wave. The flat design has less drag and therefore is found on cargo ships and other low drag vessels. Cushion effect can be a problem for some heavily loaded cargo ships in shallow waters like canals. A rolled, or soft, chine means the vessel is meant to lean and roll smoothly. This is true of most sail-powered vessels where there is a counterweight in a deep keel. Take a look at all kinds of common hull shapes to understand more about their uses. The definition of draft will also be useful when learning about naval architecture.

International People Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International People Management - Case Study Example On some of these occasions, I was also able to improve matters. The "Forming" phase is when the team members first meet, introductions are made and the team members start to get along (or at least try to do so). I saw my contribution here as being strong, because I like to make acquaintances and it is a natural thing for me to make the first contact. The second phase, "Storming", is when the team starts to move towards a defined result. This is where differences of opinion may arise, for example about what result is in fact required or how to get that result. Sometimes personal preferences or even tempers may slow down progress, and the polite behaviour of the first phase ("Forming") may give way to open confrontation. My contribution at the beginning was neither strong, nor weak. I have my own opinions and at times did not agree with other members of the team. However, the experience of working with colleagues and understanding that two people can have different points of view without necessarily being wrong on either side was a good one for me . It prepared me better for the third phase of "Norming". In "Norming", team members have got to know one another and can get down to doing productive work. Thanks to the "Storming" phase, I was much better able to contribute to the "Norming" phase, and to accept and make best use of the differences in background and approach of the different team members. As we had all selected different papers to critique as one of the exercises in the "International People Management" module, there was healthy discussion and exchange of information on the different subjects that team members had chosen. There is always room for improvement, but I felt that I had strength in this phase. My personal disappointment was not being able to fully participate in the fourth phase of the team interactions, that of "Performing". In this fourth phase, Tuckman defines the team working together efficiently and in cooperation to move to a common goal. Not participating as I might have wanted to in the presentation with the critique that I had done on Harzing's paper on international management transfers was a shame. I felt that I had strength in this area, but I also understand that part of the strength of team working is to understand when the team is better served by letting other people take the lead. In this sense, I believe that I learnt something and further improved my capabilities and experience here. Although Tuckman' model is probably best-known in its version with four phases, he also added a fifth one later, which he called "Adjourning" for the break-up of the team, for example at the end of a project. We did not really accomplish such a fifth phase (or really only ve ry informally). The Belbin role model This second model defined by Belbin deals with the different roles that team members can take within a team. The Belbin model is quite detailed and a team member may play several roles at the same time. This is often the case for teams with a small number of team members. Dr Meredith Belbin defined nine separate roles, each role being "a tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others in a particular way." I describe the roles below and

Toyota Production System Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Toyota Production System - Article Example In a company that produces iron sheets, just in time can be applied by placing orders for raw material such that the materials ordered for arrive at the company in the right quantity just when it is needed and without any delays. Muda refers to waste or anything that adds no value to the system. Muda exists in the form of motion, correction, processing, waiting time, conveyance, overproduction, and inventory. In a company that manufactures iron sheet, one example of muda is raw material that has been established to be substandard in quality and therefore needs to be reworked. Yokoten implies horizontal deployment; good practices and results in one area or organization are copied or applied to other areas or organizations. One franchise of Coca Cola company can decide to send a team of its employees to a more efficient franchise in a different country so that the team observes and learns how things are done to ensure high efficiency and productivity. The team will learn and implement what they have learnt doing what they can to improve on the ideas in their organization. Pokayoke involves the use of fool proof devices during production. Through the use of fool proof devices, the production of defective parts that result from human error is minimized or altogether eliminated. In a manufacturing plant, the buttons in the control panel of a machine can be color coded and associated with drawings that show what the buttons make the machines do. This way, even an untrained operator has less chances of pressing the wrong button that may lead to the production of faulty parts. Hoshin involves capturing and cementing strategic goals as developed by executive managers so that they are realized eventually. The organization’s level of performances is set to improve with the passage of time as the strategic goals are realized. In a soda manufacturing company, top management may develop strategic goals relating to the production of a given quantity of soda crates.