Methods of Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Methods of Motivation - Essay Example There are two types of motivation intrinsic and extrinsic. Extrinsic motivation implies an instrumental relationship between behavioral results and desired outcomes. The person is not vitally interested in his/her very behavior, but in particular in the outcome that results from it. Whoever wants to get a compliment from a specific somebody, in return for which some work has to be done (like completing schoolwork at home), is not focused on those tasks, but on the recognition she or he expects to receive from performing well. Intrinsic motivation consists of the feelings attached to or resulting from performing specified activities. Thus, intrinsically motivated people would be satisfied, happy, enjoy themselves, favor the things they do, and so forth (Armstrong, 2003). Achievement motivation theory (McClelland) asserts that maximum motivation will occur at moderate levels of difficulty when the incentive value of success is highest. Two problems with that model are the failure to include an explicit goal-setting stage and/or the failure to measure commitment to succeeding. These factors are crucial to predicting the individual's response to subjective probability estimates. But the value for achievement, a conscious motive that is not correlated with n ach, has been found to be significantly related to goal choice (Fulton, Maddock, 1998). One of the earliest and the most popular theories of motivation was developed by Abraham H. Maslow. His "Hierarchy of needs' theory is based on five needs: (1) psychological (hunger, thirst), (2) safety (protection), (3) social (be accepted, belong to a certain group), (4) esteem (self-confidence, achievements, respect, status, recognition), and (5) self-actualization (realizing one's potential for continued self-development). Whereas needs and (subconscious) motives are crucial to a full understanding of human action, they are several steps removed from action itself (Robbins, 2002). Goal-setting theory is odds with expectancy theory, which was first introduced into industrial-organizational psychology by Vroom in 1964. This theory asserts that, other things being equal, expectancy of success (which is inversely related to goal difficulty) is positively related to performance. However, as shown later, goal-setting theory and expectancy theory can be fully reconciled. Goal-setting theory approaches the explanation of performance quite differently from that of motive or need theories such as those of McClelland and Maslow. It then worked backwards from there to determine what causes goals and what makes them effective. In contrast, need and motive theories started with more remote and general (often subconscious) regulators and tried to work forward to action, usually ignoring specific and conscious factors (Fulton, Maddock, 1998). Equity theory (John Stacey Adams, 1963-1965) asserts that pay will bring satisfaction to the degree that it is seen as fair or equitable. Equity judgments will be based on the judged ratio of the individual's outputs and inputs in comparison to the output/input ratio of people to whom the individual compares himself or herself. If pay is seen as inequitable, thus producing dissatisfaction, people will take steps to restore equity by modifying the quantity or quality of

History of Iraq - Terms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History of Iraq - Terms - Essay Example Basra and Baghdad were formally integrated as founding units of one structure in the early part of 20th century in the post First World War scenario. The country is a Shiite majority region with minor traces of Sunni communities existing in traces and the differences in faith have often led to conflicts and political tilt in policies throughout its history of existence. The Assyrians constitute for the minority non Muslim population residing in Iraq mostly around the parts of Mosul. The Abbasids had established their rule around Baghdad and parts of Arabian gulf towards the 8th century A.D. Traces of non Muslims in Iraq include the Jews in the form of Semites. Sargon of Akkad was another famous ruler and king who ruled over the region and had his affiliations with the Semites and Jews community. Hence Iraq had a diverse form of ruling over it than spanned in the early days of the 10th to 11th century A.D. Ummayads were another set of individuals and dynasty that ruled in that area and phase and enabled good rule following and law and order establishment. They even sent their representatives to the other parts of the region. The history of Baghdad and Iraq stretches to the days of 12th century A.D when the Mongols invaded the region and captured parts of the modern day Iraq along with the Middle East region countries. The historians that came along with the period of time also included the likes of sociologists and experts on history included intellectuals such as Ibn- Khaldoon. The fact that he brought about a code of ruling and political system was unique at that time, he further enabled keeping a strong hold on the Babylonian Empire at that time. In the context of Babylonian Empire and the Iraq history, the traces can be stretched to as far as Nebuchadrezzar who was instrumental in the context of developing areas and bridges that were not commonly known and seen in those days. Leading further to the B.C era Marduk was considered as one of

High School Prophecy Essay Example for Free

High School Prophecy Essay Life is an exciting, mystical, powerful and romantic adventure in the modern WORD. As we face life, how would we imagine the success of ourselves? We should prepare to face another chapter of our life in the future. Ten years from now I can imagine myself being an administrator of a famous school waiting for my promotion as a division superintendent staying in my own beautiful mansion living in a comfortable life. As I traveled along the shores of the Philippines I couldn’t shut my ears off listening to a beautiful voice inside araneta coliseum oh! It is the nightingale of our school way back when I was in high school, Beverly Rose Mangubat. I couldn’t believe she is now one the most popular singers in the Philippines. Then when I went back to the cruise ship where I am riding I saw a beautiful woman, my eyes sparkled as I saw Ann Maurice Branzuela now a very successful maritime officer. Then I departed the ship and preparing myself to drive off the road with my beautiful BMW. I went on a conference with the different school administrators in the province; I couldn’t help but laugh watching the one and only guy during our high school days who is now an administrator of the newest university in the province Jhon Oneal Collamat, so called to be one the most eligible bachelor in the Country. As I traveled the road way back home, I suddenly stopped and glanced at a huge skyscraper; which is also a bank, and my heart was jumping when I found out that it was Carlyn Mae Tamayo who owns it the math wizard during our time. As I opened my computer at home a new webpage was found, I couldn’t get my eyes staring on the screen as I read the name Jesha Mae Roflo— she was the founder. Don’t even think about it when she even made a virus to hack computers herself. Wow! Life is really amazing. We need to imagine our success to have an excellent future!

Electronics Arts Company Analysis

Electronics Arts Company Analysis Electronic Arts (EA) is an American developer, marketer, publisher, and distributor of computer and video games. The gaming industry where the company operates is one of the most competitive and dynamic industries. Perform a PEST analysis and five forces analysis on the industry as well as SWOT analysis and suggest an appropriate strategic course for Electronic Arts. 1.0 Introduction Electronic Arts, Inc. (EA) is a worldwide developer, dealer, publisher and distributor of video entertainments. The organization was an initiate of the early home computer amusements organization and was remarkable for encouraging the designers and programmers in charge for its games. Initially, EA was a home computing amusement publisher. EA developed via achievement of several successful developers. It had grown to be one of the worlds biggest third party publishers. (Wikipedia ,2010) Presently, it is mainly successful goods are sports games available under its EA Sports label, entertainments based on trendy film authorizes such as Harry Potter and games from long-running franchises like Medal of Honor, Need for Speed, The Sims, Battlefield and the presently games in the Burnout and Command and Conquer series. With the majority of its sports instruction series being industrial by EA, and the worlds biggest enlargement studio EA Canada which they are also the distributors of the Rock Band series. (Wikipedia ,2010) 2.0 PEST analysis tools PEST can be described as political, economic, social, technological issues, which are applied to evaluate the marketplace for a company or organizational unit. The PEST analysis headings are a structure for analysis a position, and can also be applied to evaluate a plan or position, trend of a business and marketing proposal. It is a helpful implement for understanding marketplace situation, in which they are working, and the opportunities and threats that be positioned within it. (Strategylabs, 2010) The models issues will vary in significance to a particular company based on its business and the products it manufactures. Moreover, issues which are more probable to alter in the outlook or more related to a specified business will carry greater meaning. Additionally, EA who create a large range of goods can find it more helpful to evaluate one division of its organization at a time with the PEST model, hence concerning on the particular issues appropriate to that one division. (Researchmarkets, 2009) By understanding the situation in which EA function exterior to the divisions, they know how to take benefit of the opportunities and diminish the threats. Particularly, it is a functional tool for understanding threats linked with market development or decline and as such the situation, prospective and trend for them. It is finding out where they are in the circumstance of what is occurring exterior that will at several point cause what is happening within of the business. (Modelbenders, 2009) 2.1 Five forces analysis Porters five forces analysis contracts with issues external a business that influence the environment of rivalry within it, the forces inside the organization that control the approach in which firms compete, and accordingly the organizations likely productivity is accomplished in Porters five forces model. An industry has to realize the dynamics of its businesses and marketplaces in order to compete successfully in the market. It described the forces which make rivalry, competing that the competitive atmosphere is formed by the relations of five dissimilar forces acting on a company. It seems at five solution parts specifically the threat of entrance, the power of consumers, the power of providers, the threat of substitutes, and competitive challenges. (Emerald Insight Staff , 1993) Understanding the environment of each of these forces gives associations the essential approaching to allow them to make the right plans to be successful in their marketplace. It is a simple tool that supports EA understanding where power lies in a business situation. It also assists to recognize both the strong point of their current competitive situation, and the strength of a situation of them is looking to move into. With an understandable recognizing of where power lies, it will allow EA to get fair benefit of its strengths, develop weaknesses, and avoid taking incorrect stages. Consequently, to concern this planning instrument efficiently, it is vital to know the position and to look at each of the forces separately. (Modelbenders, 2009) 2.2 SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is a strategic planning system applied to assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats concerned in a plan or in an industry venture. The interior issues can be analysis as strengths or weaknesses depending upon their force on the companys goals. The exterior issues can comprise macroeconomic matters, technological alter, legislation, and socio-cultural transforms, as well as alters in the market or competitive situation. (Strategylabs, 2010) In many rival analyses, EA make completed outlines of each competitor in the marketplace, concerning particularly on their virtual competitive strengths and weaknesses utilizing SWOT analysis. EA will observing each competitors price structure, sources of earnings, resources and competencies, competitive situation and manufactured goods isolation, degree of vertical combination, historical reactions to business enlargements and other issues. (Emerald Insight Staff , 1993) Another instance is EA, which is a great example of how computer amusements business can utilize a SWOT analysis to shape out a strong company strategy. They have known that its strength was selling openly to customers and keeping its prices lower than those of other competitors. EA put together a company strategy that integrated mass customization and just-in-time manufacturing and allowing consumers enjoy their computer amusements with complete imagination in the games world. (Researchmarkets, 2009) 2.3 The analytical tools in solutions It helps EA in discovery the true resolution that best meets their requirements and can play a dynamic role in the accomplishment as well as support. To make easy this development, they have recognized strategic deal with key vendors. The growing resolutions portfolio presents customers with leading skill by world-class partners and developed in the marketplace. EA suggests proven resolutions that provide stability, scalability and the elasticity needed to maximize effectiveness and performance in a extremely competitive atmosphere. (Sadler, Philip , 1993) EA bring value to their customers by joining that recognize how with an entire suite of feature rich resolutions that offers the best functionality part. Thus, the system to develop the productivity and efficiency of company analysts, EA must continue to enlarge the width and strength of their data storehouses, which will diminish the number of data sources that analysts need to entrance directly. They must also equip analysts with improved analytical tools that manage the way they do. (Coate, Patricia , 2007) In line with the ever growing complexity of the competitive marketplace EA has abilities far beyond those of the conventional intermediary, letting them to manage as their customers reliance risk partner with resources to contain every part of their business. They give the firm with the most proper resolutions, through consultancy services, systematic tools and risk goods that continue and improve their customers situation in the market. (Sadler, Philip , 1993) 3.0 Conclusion Any company must seek to understand the nature of its competitive environment if it is to be successful in achieving its objectives and in establishing appropriate strategies. If a company fully understands the nature of the analysis, and particularly appreciates which one is the most important, it will be in a stronger position to defend itself against any threats and to influence the forces with its strategy. The situation is fluid, and the nature and relative power of the forces will change. Thus, the need to monitor and stay aware is continuous. (Coate, Patricia , 2007) Some issues during the implementation of these analyses strategic are crucially important for organizations to build long-term business strategy and sustaining competitive advantages rather than simply list the forces. Successful use of the analysis includes identifying the sources of competition, the strength and likelihood of that competition existing, and strategic recommendations for the action a company should take in order to develop barriers to competition. (Researchmarkets, 2009) It is important to make sure that the sources are reliable and relevant to the current condition of the organization. It has to be viable, reliable and valid, in order to conduct a good analysis of the model. For this purpose, the gathered data and information has to be checked and be applied to the current business conditions. Further limitations could be present in the nature of market forces that reduce the applicability of the information sources to present situations and the amount of detailed information required. (Wikipedia, 2010) 4.0 Reference Question 1 Wikipedia (2010), Electronic arts, retrieved on February 12,2011 from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts Strategylabs (2010), Analysis of electronic arts, Retrieved on February 13,2011 from www.strategylabs.net/search-swot-analysis-of-electronic-arts_p8.asp Researchmarkets (2009), Swot analysis , Retrieved on February 12,2011 from www.researchandmarkets.com/reports//electronic_arts_swot_analysis Modelbenders (2009), Electronic arts, Retrieved on February 12, 2011 from www.modelbenders.com/papers/Smith_Game_Impact_Theory.pd E-library Emerald Insight Staff (1993), 1st ed., Strategic Management,    Emerald Group Pub lishing Ltd Sadler, Philip   (1993), 1st ed., Strategic Management , Kogan Page Ltd. Coate, Patricia (2007), 1st ed., Focus on strategic management ,   Emerald Group Publishing Ltd Question 2 Suggest why different approaches to strategy development might be appropriate in different organizations such as a university, a fashion retailer and a high technology company. Introduction A business strategy naturally is an article that obviously expressive the way an industry will pursue and the steps it will take to accomplish its objectives. In a quality of business plan, the business approach results from objectives created to support the stated assignment of the business. In the examination step of business plan development, one of several processes is applied to evaluate a firms market, resources, barriers to achievement and specific advantages. The aim of strategic examination is to classify what a business needs to achieve, the strengths it can bring to bear on achieving the objective and weaknesses that require to be addressed prior to combination and accomplishment. (Sadler, Philip   ,1993) Strategic consideration methodologies can comprise estimating the business circumstances, several of competitive situations, verifying what market forces are at work and ranking competitors, among others. Integrating a business approach typically is one of many steps in a larger production planning process. A business strategy starts with an overall vision. From the vision, a mission statement for the industry is constructed, regularly the shorter and more accurate the better. A mission guides to specific objectives the business will accomplish to complete its mission and that in turn guides to approach to attain goals. Specific plans are regularly then developed to support the business plan. (Coate, Patricia ,2007) Corporate strategy It is verifying the greatest plan to be competitive in the market. It assists to classifies, evaluates, and clarifies the main issues  facing productions to deliver insights corporations can apply to develop performance and achieve a competitive advantage. It is focused with the overall principle and scale of the business to meet stakeholder outlooks. This is an essential level since it is seriously influenced by investors in the production and performs to lead strategic decision-making throughout the business. Corporate strategy is frequently stated openly in an operation statement. The associations have a vision and a plan for accomplishing that vision. They apply that strategy through everything they accomplish. These great associations are able to make and capture value and situation themselves for better value. (Businessdictionary,2009) 2.1 Business unit strategy Strategic business unit (SBU) is focused more with how an industry competes profitably in an exacting marketplace. It focuses strategic decisions about option of goods, meeting wants of clients, gaining benefit over rivals, developing or making new opportunities. It is known as a business unit within the overall corporate identify which is distinguishable from other business because it serves a defined external market where management can conduct strategic planning in relation to products and markets. (Wikipedia ,2010) The unique small business unit advantages that a firm insistently promotes in a constant manner. When organizations become truly large, they are greatest thought of as being collected of a number of productions. These organizational units are large enough and standardized enough to exercise organize over most strategic issues influencing their performance. They are controlled as self contained planning units for which distinct business strategies can be enlarged. A strategic business unit can include an entire organization, or can basically be a smaller division of an organization set up to execute a specific job. The SBU has its own business approach, goals and rivals and these will frequently be dissimilar from those of the parent organization. (Wikipedia ,2010) Operational strategy It is focused with how each division of the business is managed to bring the company and business unit level strategic way. It concerns on problems of resources, progressions, and groups. The operating strategy intends to close the strategic gap between business strategy and accomplishment. It transforms the strategic objectives into obviously described achievement aims and aligns the implementation process to the value intention. The operating strategy consists of several parts starting with the operating business form as the basis for development, function, and technical and human performance style. An operating business form is the associations crucial logic for constantly accomplishing its principle goals. The desired outcome is to have a tactical to carry out the operating strategic plan. (Tmginconline ,2009) A number of the key essentials comprise classify required decisions and correlated issues for business process such as key production processes, managing approaches. Additionally, it gives creative ideas for operating problems and to make new value opportunities. It is a model to close business development gaps and to understand business value. It can be described as the business development direction based on the general vision. For example, key decisions and leading values for key business processes and managing approaches. (Tmginconline ,2009) 2.3 Olympia College Olympia College was established to meet the rising require for private top education in the country and is an associate of the well-known Raffles Education Group. There are choices of analysis of the strategic plan process within Olympia College. The operational strategy shows that direction into generating strategic competitive advantage in the development. Therefore, they can get a new system to structure their business functions and make sure the successful enlargement of their business in the competitive market. (Olympia ,2010) Strategic planning is a long range planning procedure that helps in setting the direction of Olympic College. The strategic plan originates from the colleges mission and strategic vision and gives detailed actionable strategies for moving towards planned outcomes. Moreover, they have to help student improvement toward objective completion. It is more purposeful and successful in their efforts to bring education at a distance, finalize and realize a long range distance education plan. (Olympia ,2010) However, they have to exploit community entrance to Olympic College, particularly for enlarge and apply an on-going enrollment management structure that informs instructional plans, student support services, and facilities planning. They are concerning attention on learning and to assist students, ability, personnel, and administrators perceive themselves as a society of beginners, encourage a college wide culture of measurement that embraces the consideration of learning outcomes and encourages the study of teaching and learning. (Olympia ,2010) 2.4 Padini Holdings Berhad Padini sells ladies shoes and accessories, childrens clothes, maternity wear and accessories through different subsidiaries. They can apply the business unit strategy to formulate and execute the plans that will give a competitively greater fit the situation and accomplish the organizational objectives. However, it can assist Padini to emphasize attention on a particular regional market or consumer group. The long term plan of Padini also wants to do the interior and exterior review to strengthen the situation in the global market. ( Padini, 2010) It shows a fashion viewpoint of each will covers a complete range of goods intended at a targeted customer. The corporation will carry on upgrading the image of its goods while emphasizing value and standard. It is successful grip in the productive but competitive womens footwear market. There are strategies to strengthen its dominant situation with enhanced production lines and increased competence. Having successfully impressed its brand names into the perception of Malaysian consumers, Padini is moving to turn its different labels into regionally familiar fashion leaders. It aims to fulfill the potential of the export market, particularly in the Asian region, and will also step up in foreign country marketing for its goods. ( Padini, 2010) 2.5 Dell INC. Dell Inc. is the top retailer of computer systems in the market. Dell sells desktop personal computers, notebook computers, network servers, and a diversity of computer software. They can apply the corporate strategy as a direction in which its production operations work together to get particular objectives. They implement that strategy for accomplishing their vision to build up a strong communication suppliers and customers relationships in the future. It helps Dell to find out the best strategy to be competitive in the marketplace. Thus, it will guide them to improve the work performance and gain a competitive advantage. (Dell, 2010) Dells objective is to generate loyal clients by providing better experience at a great value. They are devoted to direct relationships, giving best goods with standard based technology outperforming the rivalry with value and an advanced client experience. Dell is the association which is recognized worldwide for its approach of direct selling to the customers and business customers due to which it has obtained greater profits and has grabbed large market share from its rivals. As the business develops with the period of time it is largely enterprise strategy is becoming stronger, complicated and established. (Dell, 2010) Conclusion Nowadays, competitive market a strategy that assures a constant approach to offering the goods or services in a system that will outperform the competition is significant. However, in performance with defining the marketing strategy associations should also have a well defined method for the day to day progression of executing it. A cost leadership strategy is based on the idea that the associations can manufacture and market a high quality goods or services at a lower cost than their rivals. These low costs must transform to profit margins that are higher than the manufacturing average. Some of the circumstances that must exist to support a cost leadership strategy comprise an on-going accessibility of working capital, excellent process engineering abilities, and close management of work, goods designed for easiness of manufacturing and low cost distribution. (Emerald Insight Staff ,1993) It is important to know the market segment as described by the viewpoint characteristics associations have chosen as the objective for their offering. It is based on the criticality of the prospects require, their approach about alteration, the importance of the benefits, barriers that exist to integrating the offering into daily procedure and the reliability of the offering. The prospective for market penetration involves whether they are selling to past clients or a new outlook, how aware the forecasts are of what they are presenting, rivalry, growth rate of the manufacturing and demographics. The prospects willingness to give for product value is established by their understanding of competitive pricing, their capability to give and their want for characteristics such as value, stability and dependability, ease of utilize, consistency and steadiness. (Coate, Patricia ,2007)

Love Is Beautiful Essay -- essays research papers

Teenagers are so blind to love because we are young and stupid. If it weren't called a crush, it wouldn't hurt. When I believe it's not there it seems so real and overflows my body with an unexplainable feeling. No matter what I do I cannot change the unexpected. I honestly don't think anyone will be able to understand or define the meaning of love. However I love my family and friends, but I am starting to give up on loving anyone else. I hate how I'm so happy and then it`s ruined.. I hate how you make me feel so bad, however in my life I've experienced more love from you than enough pain to overcome what I already know, which is to love to the full extent. Goodbye is never goodbye until life is over. I will always be able to love someone again, just like they are able to love me. Why do I listen to others lies about love and what they know? Why don't I just love like I want to love. I exercise my mind freely and i forget what is holding it altogether. I will always be buried with feelings and emotions from past experiences whether I realize it or not. It's hard to see and understand from anyone's perspective because I am not that person and I am surely not God. I cannot relive the past, but build over faith in myself. I cannot rely on what I hear or say or even on other's ambitions. I must forgive and never forget, I believe; If I forget, what lesson was learned? Or if I were in love why would I want to forget how wonderful it was to see the person smile and why it hurts so bad now to see them smile. I hate when you wipe my tears away because I cry more knowing you see and know that the pain is there. I'm not just in love, I am deeply and desperately in love and this one time is enough. Piece by piece I take in the meaning of such a confusing feeling of emotion. Look in my eyes, which will describe the truth that my heart wants to say. It's easier to lie and walk out on love then to hurt you or myself later by just tearing up the emotions that were shared. Love is not a gift to life, it is something to take out and figure out. I love you i'd do anything to listen to what you can't say. I'd deny the truth and protect you with my life. I can't love, I already love you to a full extent. I love you as much as it seems you will allow me. Why is it that people can't rely on their own decisions and feelings of love? I don't think i will ever have tha... ...ut you I am nothing and when I am nothing, I cannot be myself because I am afraid of what I could become without you. I know you may never feel the same or you may never understand. I wish I could take back what happened or the things that changed between us, but it is not possible to change the past. I don't regret what happened, I just regret my unthoughtfulness and just not being the person I was at the beginning. I wish so many things and now I have to live with the fact that I may never get the chance again and if I did, I don't know what I'd do. I dont know what else I could say because I am so nervous. But I know that with you I wont be so scared and I don't know what else I could do to make you somehow understand. I never talk to you in person about these feelings, so there are few limited ways of me being able to speak to you. I guess I have no choice but to try and explain it as if I was talking with you. That's all I can say right now.. I wish I had more to tell you, but I spoke directly from my heart and I love you very much. You know that I am always here no matter what happens. I love you, I love you from the bottom of my heart and I always, always, always will!!

The Lumberjack :: essays research papers

'Timber!'; and with a crash the mighty oak hit the ground. There was never a tree too big or a job too tough for Woody. He enjoyed his job as a lumberjack and with good reason. The pay was good, he had always liked the outdoors and he was good at what he did. In fact, some say he was the best. His friends in the city however said he was crazy for moving away. They said there are so many opportunities in the city, but Woody never wanted opportunities, he just wanted to be a lumberjack. So far this job was running smoothly. They were on schedule and there was an abundance of trees in British Columbia to keep them busy for the next while. It seemed so simple at first. Woody and his crew would cut down the trees and they would be shipped to a nearby river where they would be floated downstream to the new lumber mill. At least this was what was supposed to happen. After the first couple loads, there came reports that the logs weren't reaching their destination. Some of the men started talking about how they were logging on uncharted territory and this was a bad omen. Woody just laughed and said, 'Uncharted territory or not, we have a job to do and I'm not going to let some little thing like this ruin my reputation. I'll go see what the problem is.'; And so Woody packed a bag with supplies and sailed off down the river to find the missing logs. It wasn't long before the lush green landscape of trees he saw around him became a bare region of stumps and small brush. It was almost as if another logging crew had been here before him. He was amazed at the number of trees that had been cut down. It would have taken his entire crew at least a week and yet all of the stumps looked freshly cut. Woody had to find out what was happening. A bit further down the river he found his answer. There in front of him were all of the missing logs. They had became jammed at the base of the biggest beaver dam he had ever seen. He gazed up at it in awe of it's shear size. The river itself was quite wide and this dam covered it from shore to shore.

Bromobenzene Essay

Introduction: The chemical reaction of nitration consists of a nitro group being added to or substituted in a molecule. Nitration can basically be carried out by a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid; this mixture is useful to obtain the active nitronium ion. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a method used when a functional group is needed to be substituted on to an aromatic compound. In the nitration, nitronium ion acts as the electrophile that involves the attack of the electron-rich benzene ring. Aromatic substitution is electrophilic, due to the high density in benzene ring. Benzene ring is one of the components in most important natural products and other useful products. The species reacting with the aromatic ring is usually a positive ion or the end of a dipole. Nitration is one of the most important examples of electrophilic substitution. The electrophile in nitration is the nitronium ion which is generated from nitric acid by protonation and loss of water, using sulfuric acid as the dehydrating agents. Data: Weight (grams) Beaker 39.1 grams Beaker + Crystals 41.9 grams Weight of Crystals (Prior to Addition of Ethanol) 2.8 grams Figure 1: This table illustrates the weight of the crystals that were formed before the ethanol was added. 2.8 grams x 5= 14 mL – This is the amount of ethanol that is needed to just dissolve the bromonitrobenzenes at 78.2oC. Weight (grams) Wet Sample of Crystals 1.40 grams Dry Sample of Crystals 0.95 grams Difference Between Wet and Dry Samples 0.45 grams Figure 2: This table illustrates the weight of the crystals that were formed as the final product. The wet sample and dry sample both have a different value. Figure 3: This is the structure of bromobenzene; this was the liquid that was given for this laboratory experiment. Figure 4: Mechanism for the formation of 4-bromonitrobenzene. Observations: When the bromobenzene was added, the solution turned yellow. The final product was also yellow crystals. Calculations: a. Bromobenzene 0.0142 mol bromobenzene b. Nitric Acid 0.090 mol nitric acid THEREFORE, IT CAN BE SAID THAT BROMOBENZENE IS THE LIMITING REAGENT c. Actual Yield and Percent Yield 33% THE PERCENT YIELD IS 33%. Conclusion: It can be said that the objective of this experiment was to synthesize the p-bromonitrobenzene out of bromobenzene by nitration. This experiment studied the electrophilic aromatic nitration of a monosubstituted aromatic cring under a standard set of conditions. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of a nitro ( NO2+) group to an aromatic ring. When the aromatic ring is monosubstituted (meaning it already has one substituent on it), the nitro group can be added to either the: ortho, meta, or para position. Figure 1 illustrates the weight of the crystals prior to the addition of ethanol. The weight of the crystals before the ethanol was added was 2.8 grams. These were the crystals that were formed when the nitric acid and sulfuric acid mixture was slowly added to the bromobenzene. The weights of the crystals were determined before the addition of ethanol; this was important to do in order to find the amount (mL) of ethanol to add. The weight of the crystals was 2.8 grams and was multiplied by 5 to get 14mL; this was the amount of ethanol that was added. The ethanol was added to the crystals to dissolve the bromonitrobenzenes at 78.2oC. Figure 2 illustrates the weight of the wet crystals and the dry crystals. The weight of the wet crystals was 1.40 grams and the weight of the dry crystals was 0.95 grams. The difference between these two weights was 0.45 grams. The number for the dry crystal was then later used to determine the actual yield and the percent yield of the laboratory experiment.. The moles of bromobenzene were calculated to be 0.0142 moles. The moles of nitric acid were calculated to be 0.090 moles. Therefore, since the moles of bromobenzene were lower than the moles of nitric acid, it can be said that bromobenzene is the limiting reagent. After the limiting reagent is found, it is used to find the theoretical reagent. Questions: 1. What products did you expect this reaction to form? Explain the effect that the group(s) present in the starting material have on reactivity and orientation in this reaction and why. There were two possible products that could have been formed in this experiment. The first product that could have formed was 1-bromo-2-nitrobenzene and the second product that could have formed was 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene. These were the two products that could have been formed because bromine is in an ortho and para directing group.